Anal Canal Cancer
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Anal Canal Cancer
The terminal part of your large bowel, beginning at the upper surface of anorectal ring, passing through the pelvic floor and ending at the anus is the anal canal. The most common neoplasm of this area are adenocarcinomas and Human Papillomavirus-associated squamous cell carcinomas (SCC).
In most settings, the SCC compromises over 70% of the cases. In the general population, the anal cancer is not quite common, with age-standardized rates of incidence mostly hovering between 1 and 2 per lakh in a year. However, anal SCC incidence is increasing by 1-3 percent each year in developed countries. High-risk HPVs can be identified in almost 80-90% of all the anal SCC cases, making it second to cervical cancer in the closeness of its association with this virus.
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Risk Factors
- Cigarette smoking
- HPV infection with high risk genotypes
- HIV seropositivity and low CD 4 count
- Immune suppresion following transplant
- Cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer, or genital warts
- Anoreceptive intercourse
Clinical Presentation
- Pain or sensation of mass- 30% of the patients
- Rectal bleeding- 45% of the patients
- No symptoms- 20% of all the cases
- Paget’s disease
Diagnostic Workup
- Physical exam- rectal and nodes
- Biopsy- for differentiating between squamous cell (anal ca) and adenocarcinoma (rectal ca)
- CT scan- for metastatic disease
- EUS- for identifying sphincter involvement as well as perianal lymph nodes
- PET scan- for precisely determining metastatic disease and inguinal nodes

Dr. Purnendu Bhowmik
MBBS(Hons), MS(Surgery), FACS(USA), MRCS (Edinburgh), MRCPS (Glasgow), FMAS(Minimal Access Surgery), FALS(Colo-rectal surgery), FIAGES(Gastrointestinal Endo surgery), FAIS
CC Laser proctology (Poland),
CC Laparoscopic hernia surgery
Advanced laparoscopy, GI & GI Onco and Laser surgeo

Dr. Purnendu Bhowmik
MBBS(Hons), MS(Surgery), FACS(USA), MRCS (Edinburgh), MRCPS (Glasgow), FMAS(Minimal Access Surgery), FALS(Colo-rectal surgery), FIAGES(Gastrointestinal Endo surgery), FAIS
CC Laser proctology (Poland),
CC Laparoscopic hernia surgery
Advanced laparoscopy, GI & GI Onco and Laser surgeo
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What our patients say

Vishal Sharma
He made my hernia surgery look trivial with all his expertise. Very good centre too with all modern amenities. Complete hasselfree experience.

Vocalist Madhumita
God can’t go everywhere so he made doctors like Purnendu Bowmik
I have never seen such a good doctor with such a good mind ..

Bhagabati Prasad
All my fissure related sufferring gone in a day! Laser procedure is really a boon for patients like us. Very good doctor. Great experience.
Treatment
The main objective of the anal cancer treatment in Kolkata is to have a cure with locoregional control, associated with the preservation of anal sphincter function while maintaining the quality of life.
Squamous cell Carcinoma
Majority of the anal canal tumors (85%) is related to SCC. Today, a combination therapy, involving chemotherapy and radiotherapy with a radiation providing a complete reduction in 80–90% of the patients, has become the standard treatment for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Approximately, in 15% of the patients the disease will persist initially and in another 15%, late locoregional recurrence may develop.
Abdominoperineal resection, as well as permanent colostomy surgeries in SCC is recommended for patients with recurrent or residual disease after a complete chemo radiotherapy. Surgical anal cancer treatment, after recurrence, allows for a local control in about 60% of the cases, along with a 5-year-survival rate of 30–60%.
Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma associated with the anal canal are tumors (15% of the cases) and are believed to develop from the ducts or the intramuscular anal glands, as well as the long-standing fistulas. The neoplasms affect the older age groups and does not have any sexual predominance. Most of the lesions are slow-growing, locally aggressive, and seldom metastasize. The plenty of mucin produced by these tumors explain their tendency to dissect soft tissue planes. A local surgical removal may be performed for well-differentiated carcinomas, which have not invaded the sphincter mechanism. Otherwise, the APR is indicated.
Melanoma
The third most common site where melanoma occurs is the anal canal. The average age of occurrence is in the fifties, with the females being affected more frequently than the males. Surgery is the only hope for cure, though significant differences in survival between people treated with local surgical removal and patients with APR have not been shown. However, APR possibly provides better local control of this disease.
Treatment of Locally Recurrent and Metastatic Disease with Chemotherapy: Different regimens of salvage chemotherapy may be used for metastatic anal carcinoma in place of the most common regimens presently being employed.
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